Open soor1/12/2024 The theory of the Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice, as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42) which included most favored nation provisions designed to keep any one nation from gaining an advantage. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis. The policy set into motion the economic transformation of China. The term "Open Door" also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. Over the next decades, American policy-makers and national figures continued to refer to the Open Door Policy as a basic doctrine, and Chinese diplomats appealed to it as they sought American support, but critics pointed out that the policy had little practical effect. In July 1900, as the powers contemplated intervention to put down the violently anti-foreign Boxer uprising, Hay circulated a Second Open Door Note affirming the principles. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In order to prevent the "carving of China like a melon," as they were doing in Africa, the Note asked the powers to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and called upon all powers, within their spheres of influence to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899, and circulated to the major European powers. The Open Door Policy ( Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China. Emperor Franz Joseph I ( Austria) is in the back. From left to right: Kaiser Wilhelm II ( Germany), King Umberto I ( Italy), John Bull ( Britain), Tsar Nicholas II ( Russia) and President Emile Loubet ( France). US cartoon from 1899: Uncle Sam (center, representing the United States) demanding Open Door access to trade with China while European powers plan to cut it up for themselves. For the managerial practice of leaving the office door open, see Open door policy (business). For the NATO policy, see NATO open door policy. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil RightsĮmail: is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.This article is about the US and Chinese trade policies. The completed AD-3027 form or letter must be submitted to USDA by mail: The letter must contain the complainant’s name, address, telephone number, and a written description of the alleged discriminatory action in sufficient detail to inform the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights (ASCR) about the nature and date of an alleged civil rights violation. To file a program discrimination complaint, a complainant should complete a Form AD-3027, USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, which can be obtained online, HERE, from any USDA office, by calling (866) 632-9992, or by writing a letter addressed to USDA. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, and American Sign Language) should contact the responsible Mission Area, agency, staff office, or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Program information may be made available in languages other than English. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, familial/ parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity.
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